Episode Where Vegeta And Bulma Interact

Introduction:


In May 2008 the students of the first generation of a degree in Environmental Sciences conducted a "Proposal for Ecological Restoration of the watershed of the UNAM Campus Morelia" for the field of Ecological Restoration. One of the objectives This proposal is the replacement of the eucalyptus plantations to native vegetation, to achieve a future site restoration, ie to recover the main environmental functions of the original ecosystem that will maintain stability in fertility, soil conservation and the hydrological cycle (Vázquez-Yanes et al, 1999). This paper is a preliminary study that seeks to provide for the introduction of new plant species.

Although the original area of \u200b\u200bthe proposal has been reduced to only 400 m2, students have continued to work on this site, at a microscale.

The zone seeks to restore is within UNAM, Campus Morelia, and she is a eucalyptus plantation established in the late 40's and 50's of last century. In the soil also can find exotic African grass with eucalyptus have created a hostile habitat for the establishment of native flora species. The site was badly damaged, no ground cover and species diversity is very poor. (Basante et al., 2008).

recovery areas has been invasion of exotic species may require actions such as removing invasive vegetation and the environmental improvement of the site using native plants, suitable for the intended purpose (Vázquez-Yanes, 2002). So in spring 2009 was cleared of eucalyptus planting, opening the possibility of redesigning the site, and in order to start introducing native of Michoacan in the summer of 2009.

For best results, in terms of survival, it is necessary to answer the question: What species introduced? Considering how species distribution in space to have a better performance. We assume that the presence of a temporary stream in one end of the area, generates an ecological gradient of soil moisture ranging from high to low as they increase the distance to river. Therefore, our objective is to establish the areas where the species perform better according to their water requirements.
A ecological gradient is "the variation of ecological parameters (temperature, acidity, moisture, rich soil nitrogen ...) over a distance in a real geographical space. In principle, each species has its optimum at some point along this imaginary line through one or more locations (Kappelle, 2005)

The relationship between organisms and environment is dynamic, because environmental conditions are always changing. Thus the survival of each individual depends on his ability to deal with the variation that has the atmosphere. We say "X species is adapted to live in and environment" (from the perspective of ecological or biological evolution) because the environment and has provided natural selection forces that have affected the lives of the ancestors of X and that have shaped and its specialized evolution. In this sense, adaptation means that a genetic change has occurred. The bodies have not been "designed" for the present, have been molded (natural selection) in past environments. Their characteristics reflect the successes and failures of their ancestors. Resulting fit for the environments in which they live at present, only because they tend to be similar to those of the past. (Beagon, et al, 2006)

Research Hypothesis v
species to be adapted to different soil moisture conditions are differentially to play variations of this.

Prediction:
v The species A, adapted to drier sites having a higher survival with increasing distance from the stream, ie with decreasing moisture. B species adapted to wetter sites will have a better survival as you near the creek, ie with increasing moisture.

Methodology: study area

City Morelia (Michoacan state) has a semi-hot humid climate with summer rainfall and mean annual precipitation of 780.2 mm (INEGI, 1999). Soil type registered for Possession Morelos (location closer to campus) is Vertisol and natural vegetation is subtropical scrub, grassland and shrubland (City of Morelia, 2009). The land available for restoration is within the UNAM, campus Morelia and lies between the buildings of the ICCS and the CIGA.

Figure 1. The study area, where the blue line represents the riverbed.
CIEco. Area Conversion Modified Basante
A. et al 2008

Species selection

The species of this study were previously determined by the project leader, Dr. Roberto Lindig Cisneros. Both are native to the state of Michoacán was selected based on knowledge developed in this research field. V
aesculifolia The species Ceiba (kapok tree, photo 1 and 2) was chosen because it is adapted to drier sites as it takes place in warm climates with a long dry season in tropical deciduous forest (R. Lindig, personal comment). V
uhdei The species Fraxinus (ash-figure 3) was chosen to grow in wetter sites, feature gallery forests, requires cool, wet soils (R. Lindig, personal comment)

Photo 1 Pochote

Photo

2Fresno

Design:

Due to space limitations, we will block design for analysis of variance for Block-
moisture over five blocks is determined based on the distance from the creek. B1: 0-4 m, B2: 4-8mm, B3: 8-12m, B4: 12-16m, B5: 16-20m

Factor-species treatments-(2) Ceiba aesculifolia and Fraxinus uhdei
Variable-survival response (in terms of%) and growth (in centimeters)
Covariate-soil moisture with the distance from the stream
Distribution of individuals-

Figure 1. Spatial design of the study area

(Click on images to enlarge)

This diagram illustrates the quadrant that measured 20x20 meters and is divided into 5 blocks of 4x20 meters each one. In each block is placed 4 rows with 20 seedlings randomly distributed. In total there will be 80 seedlings per block, with 40 individuals of each species. The rows were separated by one meter apart, the first and last row is placed at 0.5 meters separate the boundaries of the quadrant. Between each seedling must also be a separation of one meter (Lindig, R., personal comment). The separation between the last row of the previous block and the first row of the next block is one meter .

Time:

Response variables were measured every month for a year, since during this period are more susceptible seedlings (Lindig R., personal comment). After the first year measurements shall be made annually for four years.

block design analysis "analysis of variance for blocks"

Based on this analysis our statistical hypotheses are: Ho
: Ai = 0 and Ha: Ai ≠ 0; where Ai is the effect of treatment on the response variable
Ho: Bj = 0 and Ha: Bj ≠ 0, where Bj is the effect of the block in the response variable

block analysis will enable us what sort outperforms and that blocks are higher values \u200b\u200bof performance, but we did not measure the interaction between species and soil moisture or the distance to the stream, which is what we seek to answer in this experiment. Because of this we suggest to perform a linear regression analysis using the covariate: soil moisture.

regression analysis to study the interaction:

Factor: soil moisture (continuous variable) measured from the stream up to 20 meters.
response variables: survival (%) and growth (cm)

Survival (%) and growth may be related to soil moisture. In this way we could make a graph of linear regression and compare the slopes of the two species.

statistical hypothesis: Ho: x = 0 and Ha: x ≠ 0. Where x is the slope for each species. If the slope is nonzero then the soil moisture has an effect on the survival or growth.

Ho: m1 = m2, and Ha: m1 ≠ m2. If the slopes are different between the species we expect a different behavior depending on the moisture level and then infer which species perform better in every area. If there is no interaction the slopes may be the same although one species may have ie higher values \u200b\u200bhave higher performance.

Failure to measure soil moisture, the analysis can be done by relating the distance to the creek, but the inference would be weaker, it could be other factors that are conditioning the variation.

R eferences

Basante, A., Benet, D., and Orozco, R. (2008). Proposed ecological restoration of the watershed of the UNAM Campus Morelia. Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Morelia, Mexico.

Beagon, M.; Townsedn, CR, and Harper, JL (2006) Ecology: from Individuals to ecosystems. Blackwell publishing. United Kingdom.

INEGI. 1999. Accessed 28/05/2009 at:
http://mapserver.inegi.gob.mx/geografia/espanol/estados/mich/clim.cfm

Kappelle, M. (2005). Dictionary of biodiversity: ecological gradient. National Institute of Biodiversity and English Cooperation. Accessed 08/06/1909 at:
http://www.inbio.ac.cr/es/biodiccionario/default.html

H. Page Municipality of Morelia. Last updated in 2008. Accessed 28/05/2009 at:
http://www.morelia.gob.mx/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=177&Itemid=299

Vázquez-Yanes, C., Batis-Munoz, AI, Alcocer-Silva, MI, Gual-Díaz, M.; y. Sánchez-Dirzo, C. 2002. Trees and shrubs potentially valuable for ecological restoration and reforestation. Institute of Ecology, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City